<\/p>\n
How else could I begin this series of questions other than by asking what we now know, at the end of November, about the two far from ordinary burial groups unearthed during the excavation of the Church of the Virgin Mary? Have we come any closer to unravelling the origins of the two skeletons? Could these really be the graves of \u201ctwo nora\u201d?<\/em><\/p>\n A k\u00e9rd\u00e9s enn\u00e9l kicsit \u00f6sszetettebb. A \u201enora\u201d a magyar n\u00e9phitben \u00e9s a n\u00e9phagyom\u00e1nyban rossz sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k\u00fa, a t\u00falvil\u00e1gr\u00f3l visszat\u00e9r\u0151, \u00e9l\u0151ket zaklat\u00f3, azok v\u00e9r\u00e9t sz\u00edv\u00f3 hiedeleml\u00e9ny. K\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00e9s Kelet-Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban az ilyen \u00e9s ehhez hasonl\u00f3 k\u00eds\u00e9rtetek, illetve a hozz\u00e1juk f\u0171z\u0151d\u0151 legend\u00e1k viszonylag elterjedtek a k\u00e9s\u0151 k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorban, de f\u0151leg a 16-18. sz\u00e1zadban. Nevezhetj\u00fck ezeket a l\u00e9nyeket v\u00e1mp\u00edroknak, b\u00e1r ez egy igen t\u00e1g fogalom, ezen bel\u00fcl sz\u00e1mos k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 \u201ealt\u00edpus\u201d l\u00e9tezett ter\u00fcletenk\u00e9nt \u00e9s koronk\u00e9nt. Az erre a korszakra jellemz\u0151 korai hiedelmek azonban sok vonatkoz\u00e1sban alapvet\u0151en k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6znek napjaink k\u00f6zismert v\u00e1mp\u00edrlegend\u00e1it\u00f3l, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a csak a 19. sz\u00e1zadban kialakult Drakula-t\u00f6rt\u00e9netekt\u0151l.<\/p>\n In Visegr\u00e1d, this issue came to the fore during this year\u2019s excavation of the Franciscan church cemetery. Two skeletons \u2013 one of a child and one of an adult, both buried in shrouds, one on top of the other in the same grave \u2013 were uncovered in the nave, alongside which iron padlocks had been placed. We also observed severe degenerative changes in the adult skeleton, which clearly severely restricted the individual\u2019s mobility and other physical activities. Based on these and other features observed in the grave, it was clear that these were not \u201etypical\u201d 15th\u201316th-century burials (of which, incidentally, dozens have been unearthed in the area).<\/p>\n The padlocks seem to allude to some sort of superstitious customs and beliefs; I think their symbolic role is clear. Placing certain iron objects (sickles, horseshoes, scissors, etc.) in graves has, for centuries, served to ward off misfortune and evil in various societies. The use of padlocks as grave goods \u2013 although observed in other cultures as well \u2013 served, within the European Christian cultural sphere, primarily to \u201ekeep the dead in their graves\u201d and prevent their return from the afterlife. Furthermore, based on known parallels from Eastern and Southern Europe, it can (also) be linked, in a broader sense, to medieval vampire beliefs. I suspect that archaeology in our country does not record many similar grave finds\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n It does happen, but it is certainly not very common. I am aware of a very similar 16th-century child\u2019s grave from the excavation of the cemetery surrounding the medieval church in B\u00e1ta (Tolna County). Based on the observations made there, the excavator concluded that the coffin had been sealed with a padlock. In Visegr\u00e1d, however, there was no coffin. Here, it seems the symbolic role of the padlock is even more pronounced. Apart from this, there are only very unreliable 20th-century observations and reports of finds suggesting that padlocks were occasionally found in certain medieval graves here and there as a means of warding off evil, but it is now impossible to verify the authenticity of these claims.<\/p>\n How significant was the international response to the discovery?<\/em><\/p>\n F\u0151leg szakmai kapcsolatokon kereszt\u00fcl jutott el ez a h\u00edr k\u00fclf\u00f6ldre, els\u0151sorban Lengyelorsz\u00e1gb\u00f3l \u00e9s Olaszorsz\u00e1gb\u00f3l \u00e9rdekl\u0151dtek a koll\u00e9g\u00e1k. Ut\u00f3bbi helyen is ker\u00fcltek el\u0151 hasonl\u00f3 s\u00edrok, de a lengyel figyelem sem meglep\u0151, hiszen n\u00e1luk a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori, v\u00e1mp\u00edrokkal kapcsolatos hiedelmek sz\u00e1mos k\u00e9zzelfoghat\u00f3 eml\u00e9k\u00e9t tal\u00e1lt\u00e1k meg. A lengyel kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9netben, n\u00e9phagyom\u00e1nyban, irodalomban az upi\u00f3r n\u00e9ven ismert v\u00e9rszop\u00f3 k\u00eds\u00e9rtet jelenl\u00e9te sokkal hangs\u00falyosabb, mint a magyarban; de \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban is a \u201ev\u00e1mp\u00edr\u201d mint olyan, els\u0151sorban a szl\u00e1v \u00e9s balk\u00e1ni folkl\u00f3rban jellemz\u0151. A legt\u00f6bb r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti p\u00e1rhuzam is Lengyelorsz\u00e1gb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik. Els\u0151sorban egyes s\u00edrokr\u00f3l besz\u00e9lhet\u00fcnk, de ismert olyan templomon (vagyis megszentelt ter\u00fcleten) k\u00edv\u00fcli temet\u0151 is, amelyet kifejezetten a valamilyen okb\u00f3l kik\u00f6z\u00f6s\u00edtett emberek eltemet\u00e9s\u00e9re haszn\u00e1ltak a 16-17. sz\u00e1zadban. Ezek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a rendellenes helyzet\u0171 temetkez\u00e9sek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt j\u00f3 n\u00e9h\u00e1nyat tal\u00e1lunk, amelyeket valamilyen m\u00f3don megcsonk\u00edtottak, hasra ford\u00edtva f\u00f6ldeltek el, kereszt\u00fclsz\u00fartak, nyakukra \u00e9les, hegyes t\u00e1rgyakat (pl. sarl\u00f3t), sz\u00e1jukba k\u00f6vet vagy t\u00e9gl\u00e1t helyeztek, vagy \u00e9ppen meglakatolt\u00e1k az illet\u0151t, jellemz\u0151en a l\u00e1bakat. A lakatok szerepe ezekben az esetekben teh\u00e1t egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171: a halottak s\u00edrban tart\u00e1s\u00e1t szolg\u00e1lta. Ez jelentette az els\u0151 k\u00e9zenfekv\u0151 megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st, p\u00e1rhuzamot a visegr\u00e1di leletekkel kapcsolatban \u00e9s t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt ez\u00e9rt is fontos a nemzetk\u00f6zi \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u00e9s, konzult\u00e1ci\u00f3. Persze, az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nosabb \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171 jelens\u00e9geket mindig az adott ter\u00fclet saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gaihoz igaz\u00edtva \u00e9rdemes vizsg\u00e1lni.<\/p>\n Please tell me, apart from that, in the vast majority of cases when you\u2019re not actually finding vampire graves whilst excavating a church, what areas do you specialise in?<\/em><\/p>\n My research focuses primarily on the archaeological remains and sites of Visegr\u00e1d from the late Middle Ages and the early modern period \u2013 the Turkish era \u2013 specifically within the area of the former 14th\u201315th-century town, as well as the Upper and Lower Castles. I am particularly interested in the 18th century, a period which has previously been little studied using archaeological methods, and for which there are numerous outstanding sites in Visegr\u00e1d. Within the field of archaeological finds, I specialise primarily in animal bone remains and medieval worked bone and antler artefacts. The former, for example, are important for reconstructing the fauna of the time, the history of domestic animals, hunting, diet and meat consumption, whilst the latter have very interesting implications for the history of crafts and industry. More recently, from a national perspective, I have become interested in so-called legal archaeological research \u2013 that is, the architectural and material remains of the legal system and the administration of justice in the past, particularly places of execution. The initial impetus for this came from a remarkable collection of finds at Visegr\u00e1d. Back in the 1980s, during an excavation led by J\u00falia Kovalovszki in the area of the \u00c1rp\u00e1d-era village within the castle grounds, the remains of a female skeleton were unearthed, buried in a disused grain store, alongside the carcasses of six dogs. It was only later that the possibility arose that this might be a medieval execution site and that the victim had been executed and humiliated even in death; and it was in connection with the investigations that began that I started to delve deeper into the subject. Last but not least, I would like to mention the architecture, local and industrial history, and artistic works of my beloved hometown, Salg\u00f3tarj\u00e1n, which have come to the forefront of my interest in recent years. Studying and collecting these can, in fact, be seen as a hobby stemming from a kind of emotional attachment, as urban planning, modern and postmodern architecture, and the fine arts are not my areas of specialisation; but I always find it fascinating to discover entirely new fields of study.<\/p>\n Mikor d\u00f6nt\u00f6tt\u00e9l a r\u00e9g\u00e9szet mellett, hol tanult\u00e1l, kik voltak R\u00e1d nagy hat\u00e1ssal? Mi volt eredetileg a szakir\u00e1nyod?<\/em><\/p>\n My interest in archaeology \u2013 and, in particular, in human skeletons \u2013 first emerged when I was a small child. (My other big favourite at the time was the vacuum cleaner.) I loved drawing skeletons, and when I was 8\u201310 years old, my first \u201eskeleton\u201d book was Istv\u00e1n Kiszely\u2019s *Graves, Bones, People*. It contained some superb excavation photographs and drawings, although I didn\u2019t understand much of the anthropological text. It was a real treat when, in the mid-1980s, my parents took me to the Museum of Fine Arts\u2019 newly opened permanent exhibition on Egypt. There, I was able to see real mummies. Another source of inspiration was that, thanks to my grandparents in Visegr\u00e1d, I spent a great deal of time here every summer. Of course, the ruins of the Royal Palace, Solomon\u2019s Tower and the Citadel always held plenty of exciting things to discover from the time of the great kings of old. Not to mention the Palace Plays, which began in 1985 and which I attended enthusiastically from the very start. And, of course, I loved reading, especially the legends of the Hungarian conquest and the Middle Ages, as well as young adult novels set during the Ottoman occupation or the Kuruc era.<\/p>\n El\u0151sz\u00f6r m\u00e9gsem r\u00e9g\u00e9szetet kezdtem el tanulni, hanem az \u00e9retts\u00e9gi ut\u00e1n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem szakra felv\u00e9teliztem az ELTE b\u00f6lcs\u00e9szkar\u00e1ra. Az viszont m\u00e1r m\u00e1sod\u00e9ves egyetemistak\u00e9nt kider\u00fclt, hogy tan\u00e1r nem szeretn\u00e9k lenni. De akkor k\u00e9ne egy m\u00e1sik szak, \u00fagyhogy keresg\u00e9ltem. A t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem mellett \u00edgy belek\u00f3stoltam a politol\u00f3gi\u00e1ba, keveset \u00e1thallgattam a jogi karra is, v\u00e9g\u00fcl \u00fagy alakult, hogy a m\u00e1sodik szakom a muzeol\u00f3gia lett, amivel m\u00e1r nagy l\u00e9p\u00e9st tettem a m\u00fazeumok vil\u00e1ga fel\u00e9. De \u00e9rdekes, hogy mindezek ellen\u00e9re sok\u00e1ig nem gondolkoztam a r\u00e9g\u00e9szetben. A nagy l\u00f6k\u00e9st az els\u0151 \u00e1sat\u00e1si \u00e9lm\u00e9ny adta meg, 1998 szeptember\u00e9ben a gizellamajori r\u00f3mai er\u0151dben. Gr\u00f3f P\u00e9ter \u00e9s Gr\u00f3h D\u00e1niel vezet\u00e9s\u00e9vel folytak a munk\u00e1k \u00e9s egy nagyon j\u00f3, fiatalokb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 t\u00e1rsas\u00e1g ver\u0151d\u00f6tt \u00f6ssze. K\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fck az egyik bar\u00e1tom h\u00edvott, hogy van lehet\u0151s\u00e9g \u00e1sat\u00e1si munk\u00e1sk\u00e9nt dolgozni, nincs-e kedvem vel\u00fck tartani, m\u00e9g az \u00f6szt\u00f6nd\u00edjamat is kieg\u00e9sz\u00edthetem. M\u00e1r az els\u0151 nap leny\u0171g\u00f6z\u00f6tt a \u201ehely szelleme\u201d, a kiv\u00e1l\u00f3 hangulat, hogy milyen sok mindent rejt a f\u00f6ld, \u00e9s a felismer\u00e9s, hogy mennyi fizikai \u00e9s szellemi munka sz\u00fcks\u00e9geltetik egy-egy lel\u0151hely felt\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1hoz. M\u00e9g aznap eld\u00f6nt\u00f6ttem, hogy ez kell nekem \u00e9s a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 \u00e9vben m\u00e1r felv\u00e9teliztem az ELTE r\u00e9g\u00e9szet tansz\u00e9k\u00e9re. A felk\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u00e9shez sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges vizsgairodalmakat Gr\u00f3f P\u00e9tert\u0151l kaptam k\u00f6lcs\u00f6n \u00e9s sokat seg\u00edtett a vele folytatott rendszeres konzult\u00e1ci\u00f3 is. \u00cdgy v\u00e9g\u00fcl fel is vettek, ez lett a harmadik szakom. A tansz\u00e9ken el\u0151sz\u00f6r r\u00f3mai provinci\u00e1lis r\u00e9g\u00e9szet \u00e9s n\u00e9pv\u00e1ndorl\u00e1s szakir\u00e1nyon kezdtem, majd v\u00e1ltottam a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorra. Menet k\u00f6zben j\u00f6tt az archaeometria \u00e9s archaeozool\u00f3gia, pontosabban a r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti \u00e1llattan \u00e9s csonthat\u00e1roz\u00e1s. A tanulm\u00e1nyokkal p\u00e1rhuzamosan kezdett\u0151l fogva igyekeztem r\u00e9szt venni minden visegr\u00e1di \u00e1sat\u00e1son a V\u00e1rkertt\u0151l \u00e9s a Szent Andr\u00e1s monostort\u00f3l kezdve a ferences kolostoron \u00e9s sok v\u00e1rosi lel\u0151helyen \u00e1t a lepencei \u0151rtoronyig. \u00cdgy abban a szerencs\u00e9s helyzetben voltam, hogy az \u00e9vek sor\u00e1n minden visegr\u00e1di \u00e1sat\u00f3 r\u00e9g\u00e9sz-Buz\u00e1s Gergely, Gr\u00f3f P\u00e9ter, Gr\u00f3h D\u00e1niel, Sz\u0151ke M\u00e1ty\u00e1s-ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1val \u00e9s keze alatt tanulhattam egym\u00e1st\u00f3l teljesen elt\u00e9r\u0151 jelleg\u0171 \u00e9s kor\u00fa lel\u0151helyeken \u00e9s mindegyiken m\u00e1s \u00e9s m\u00e1s munkam\u00f3dszert \u00e9s megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st saj\u00e1t\u00edthattam el. Ez hihetetlen lehet\u0151s\u00e9g volt \u00e9s az a sokr\u00e9t\u0171 tapasztalat, amelyet azokban az \u00e9vekben szerezhettem meg, a k\u00e9s\u0151bbiekben m\u00e1s lel\u0151helyeken nagyon is hasznosnak bizonyult. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul akkor, mikor egy nagyon kedves \u00e9vfolyamt\u00e1rsn\u0151m (aki az\u00f3ta nemcsak a koll\u00e9g\u00e1m, hanem a feles\u00e9gem is) h\u00edv\u00e1s\u00e1ra N\u00e1dorfi Gabriella szabadbatty\u00e1ni \u00e1sat\u00e1s\u00e1n dolgozhattam az ottani k\u00e9s\u0151 r\u00f3mai palota felt\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1n.<\/p>\n Az egyetemen a K\u00f6z\u00e9pkori-\u00e9s Kora\u00fajkori R\u00e9g\u00e9szeti Tansz\u00e9k akkori vezet\u0151je Bartosiewicz L\u00e1szl\u00f3 volt r\u00e1m k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen nagy hat\u00e1ssal. \u0150 a magyar archaeozool\u00f3gia nemzetk\u00f6zi h\u00edr\u0171 tud\u00f3sa, az ELTE mellett Edinburgh-ban \u00e9s Stockholmban tan\u00edtott. \u00d3ri\u00e1si tud\u00e1sa mellett rendk\u00edv\u00fcl k\u00f6zvetlen \u00e9s nagyon szer\u00e9ny ember, p\u00e1ratlan, mondhatni szipork\u00e1z\u00f3 humorral, amivel m\u00e9g az er\u0151sen le\u00edr\u00f3 jelleg\u0171 csontanat\u00f3mi\u00e1t is j\u00e1tszi k\u00f6nnyeds\u00e9ggel adta \u00e1t. Meg kell eml\u00edtenem mellette a jeles k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorkutat\u00f3 Kubinyi Andr\u00e1s egyetemi tan\u00e1rt \u00e9s Laszlovszky J\u00f3zsef r\u00e9g\u00e9szprofesszort; t\u0151l\u00fck a visegr\u00e1di tan\u00e1sat\u00e1sokon \u00e9s egyetemi szemin\u00e1riumokon, kollokviumokon egyar\u00e1nt rengeteget lehetett tanulni a forr\u00e1sismerett\u0151l az anyagismeretig (az ELTE k\u00f6z\u00e9pkoros tan\u00e1sat\u00e1sai nyaranta akkoriban a palota melletti ferences kolostorban voltak). Az archaeozool\u00f3gia tudom\u00e1nya mellett Bartosiewicz Tan\u00e1r \u00dar \u00e9s Buz\u00e1s Gergely biztat\u00e1sa hozta azt\u00e1n mag\u00e1val a lehet\u0151s\u00e9get, hogy h\u00e1rom \u00e1sat\u00e1si szezonon kereszt\u00fcl csatlakozhattam a Major Bal\u00e1zs \u00e1ltal vezetett magyar r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti misszi\u00f3 munk\u00e1j\u00e1hoz Sz\u00edri\u00e1ban. Ez egy \u00e9letre sz\u00f3l\u00f3 \u00e9lm\u00e9ny volt.<\/p>\n Mikor \u00e9s hogyan ker\u00fclt\u00e9l a visegr\u00e1di m\u00fazeumba?<\/em><\/p>\n I have already mentioned that, even as a university student, I tried to get as involved as possible in the museum\u2019s work, within the limits of what was possible. I wrote my dissertations (in both history and archaeology) on topics relating to Visegr\u00e1d. However, there was little prospect of a permanent post, however much I might have liked one. Although M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0151ke, the museum\u2019s director at the time, did his utmost to pull strings, even he could not conjure up a permanent position for me. So, for years, I worked on the Visegr\u00e1d excavations on temporary contracts \u2013 first as an excavation labourer, then as a technician, and even as a porter for a few months. Then, completely out of the blue, one of my colleagues handed in their notice and their post had to be filled at lightning speed. It really did happen from one day to the next; all of a sudden, they told me in the office that I\u2019d have to start straight away if I was still serious about the Visegr\u00e1d Museum. I was serious about it, so one Friday (1 July 2005) I started straight away. It will be twenty years ago this year.<\/p>\n Hogyan sz\u00fcletett a N\u00e9metek \u00e9s magyarok Visegr\u00e1don a 18. sz\u00e1zadban c\u00edm\u0171 k\u00f6tet? Mi\u00f3ta foglalkozol a M\u00e1ria Ter\u00e9zia-korabeli betelep\u00edt\u00e9sekkel?<\/em><\/p>\n My maternal grandparents and part of my family are of deep-rooted, multi-generational Swabian descent from Visegr\u00e1d. Thanks to German children\u2019s songs, nursery rhymes and, of course, the family lore \u2013 according to which our ancestors arrived from somewhere in Saxony back in the time of Maria Theresa \u2013 I already had a basic understanding of the period of immigration. Then, as a young researcher, one of my first excavations was a small section of the 18th-century cemetery stretching across the primary school playground back in 2005. This cannot be regarded as research without any precedents, as it had been known since the 1950s that a late-period burial ground stretched across the area. Not only were the graves of the first and second generations of the German-speaking settlers discovered here, but also countless artefacts relating to folk piety, primarily devotional objects. Moreover, this period is particularly rich in written and visual sources, which essentially complement the archaeological findings. In essence, I have been collecting data relating to this period ever since. The museum has supported research in this field from the very beginning, and it has also been significant that, over the past 20 years, very important artefacts from the Baroque period have come to light, such as the mill excavated in the Lepence area, or the sanctuary and sacristy of Visegr\u00e1d\u2019s first modern-era church, discovered in the old school building.<\/p>\n Eventually, the collected results were published in a small book. In 2019, Tam\u00e1s Mikesy, director of the M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Kir\u00e1ly Cultural Centre, was the driving force behind the publication and subsequently took on the tasks involved in this and the editing process. Visegr\u00e1d Town Council, the German Ethnic Minority Local Government and the Public Foundation for Visegr\u00e1d\u2019s Sports and Cultural Facilities provided financial support for the volume, which was finally published in 2020.<\/p>\n What did Visegr\u00e1d look like, according to our current knowledge, during the period between the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs and the 18th-century resettlements? Let us imagine a completely deserted, forest-covered area, with the ruins of a castle towering above the trees on a hilltop?<\/em><\/p>\n Nagyj\u00e1b\u00f3l igen. Teljesen lakatlan jelen ismereteink szerint azonban csak n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9vig, legfeljebb egy \u00e9vtizedig, durv\u00e1n 1687 \u00e9s 1696 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt lehetett. Azonban m\u00e1r Moh\u00e1cs ut\u00e1n 1526-t\u00f3l folyamatosan \u00e9s nagy ar\u00e1nyban cs\u00f6kkent a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori Visegr\u00e1d lakoss\u00e1ga, majd az 1544-ben bek\u00f6vetkez\u0151 t\u00f6r\u00f6k foglal\u00e1s ut\u00e1n egy-k\u00e9t \u00e9vtizeden bel\u00fcl a telep\u00fcl\u00e9s v\u00e9gleg eln\u00e9ptelenedett. A t\u00f6r\u00f6k \u00f6ssze\u00edr\u00e1sok szerint 1564 ut\u00e1n m\u00e1r nincs ad\u00f3fizet\u0151 kereszt\u00e9ny lakoss\u00e1g az egykori kir\u00e1lyi sz\u00e9kv\u00e1ros \u00e9s rezidencia ter\u00fclet\u00e9n, amelynek \u00e9p\u00fcleteit az id\u0151szak sorozatos harci cselekm\u00e9nyei sor\u00e1n s\u00falyos k\u00e1rok is \u00e9rt\u00e9k. A 17. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9gi visszafoglal\u00f3 h\u00e1bor\u00fak kor\u00e1ig csak a Fellegv\u00e1r \u00e9s az Als\u00f3v\u00e1r ter\u00fclete lakott, itt koncentr\u00e1l\u00f3dott az oszm\u00e1n-t\u00f6r\u00f6k zsoldban \u00e1ll\u00f3 martal\u00f3c hader\u0151 \u00e9s itt fek\u00fcdt az id\u0151szak f\u0151leg balk\u00e1ni sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1s\u00fa kereszt\u00e9ny lakoss\u00e1g falusias telep\u00fcl\u00e9se is. A 16-18. sz\u00e1zad k\u00f6z\u00f6tt az elhagyott palota \u00e9s a nagyobb v\u00e1rosi k\u0151\u00e9p\u00fcletek fokozatosan romba d\u0151ltek, de ezek a romok m\u00e9g hossz\u00fa ideig l\u00e1that\u00f3ak maradtak. Ezt nem csak utaz\u00f3k besz\u00e1mol\u00f3i, hanem k\u00e9pi \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sok is meger\u0151s\u00edtik. Edward Brown 1673-ban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt tusrajza p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul emeletnyi magasan, tet\u0151 n\u00e9lk\u00fcl \u00e1ll\u00f3 falakat \u00e1br\u00e1zol az egykori kir\u00e1lyi palota k\u00f6rnyezet\u00e9ben. T\u00f6bb mint 60 \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb \u201eVisegr\u00e1d szomor\u00fa romjait\u201d jelen\u00edti meg Mikoviny S\u00e1muel, B\u00e9l M\u00e1ty\u00e1s 1737. \u00e9vi orsz\u00e1gle\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1ban. Ez a hiteles metszet a teljes v\u00e1ros ter\u00fclet\u00e9n kiterjedt rommez\u0151t t\u00fcntet fel, de azokat az \u00e9p\u00fcleteket is, amelyeket m\u00e1r a 18. sz\u00e1zadi bev\u00e1ndorl\u00f3k emeltek. \u00cdgy t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt azonos\u00edthat\u00f3 a templom, az uradalmi fogad\u00f3 \u00e9s a Duna-parti M\u00e1ria-k\u00e1polna. Robert Townson 18. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9gi metszet\u00e9n viszont m\u00e1r nincsenek romok (term\u00e9szetesen a Salamon-torony \u00e9s a Fellegv\u00e1r kiv\u00e9tel\u00e9vel); ennek alapj\u00e1n felt\u00e9telezhet\u0151, hogy k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 100 \u00e9v alatt az egykori k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori \u00e9p\u00fcletek z\u00f6m\u00e9t be-\u00e9s \u00e1t\u00e9p\u00edtett\u00e9k, elfedt\u00e9k, illetve tudjuk, hogy egyes esetekben visszabontott\u00e1k. Vagyis teljesen \u00e1talakult a k\u00f6rnyezet a 19. sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9re. A k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori h\u00e1zak alapjain \u00faj h\u00e1zak emelkedtek a k\u00e9s\u0151 k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori \u00fath\u00e1l\u00f3zat, telekbeoszt\u00e1s \u00e9s egyes \u00e9p\u00fcletek jelent\u00e9keny r\u00e9szleteinek felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1val. \u00cdgy alakult ki a 20. sz\u00e1zad m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9ig, s\u0151t egyes esetekben napjainkig is ismert egyutc\u00e1s, szalagtelkes, bizonyos pontokon halmazos telep\u00fcl\u00e9sszerkezet, ahol ebben az id\u0151szakban is meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 volt a Duna k\u00f6zels\u00e9ge. Voltak ter\u00fcletek (pl. a mai Sz\u00e9chenyi utca d\u00e9li fele, vagy \u00dajtelep) amelyek ekkor m\u00e9g be\u00e9p\u00edtetlenek maradtak, ahol kasz\u00e1l\u00f3k, irt\u00e1sf\u00f6ldek, r\u00e9tek ter\u00fcltek el. \u00c9szakabbra, a Salamontorony utca k\u00f6rny\u00e9k\u00e9n sem \u00e1lltak h\u00e1zak, itt a t\u00e1jat a lak\u00f3torony \u00e9s a tornyot a Fellegv\u00e1rral \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151 v\u00f6lgyz\u00e1r\u00f3falak maradv\u00e1nyai uralt\u00e1k. Meg persze az erd\u0151, amely az eg\u00e9sz korszakban minden egybehangz\u00f3 tud\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s szerint igen s\u0171r\u0171, nagy kiterjed\u00e9s\u0171 volt \u00e9s sok helyen a Duna vonal\u00e1ig h\u00faz\u00f3dott. \u00c9rz\u00e9kletesen sz\u00e1mol be err\u0151l p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul William Hunter angol utaz\u00f3, amikor 1799-ben Visegr\u00e1dra l\u00e1togatott; le\u00edr\u00e1sa szerint helyi vezet\u0151t kellett felfogadnia, aki n\u00e9lk\u00fcl nemigen tal\u00e1lta volna meg a f\u00e1kkal, boz\u00f3ttal, t\u00fcsk\u00e9s bokrokkal teljesen ben\u0151tt hegyoldalban a Fellegv\u00e1rhoz vezet\u0151 utat.<\/p>\n \n If you had to choose, in which historical period would you most like to live in Visegr\u00e1d, and what would you most like to be?<\/em><\/p>\n That\u2019s a very difficult question, because, to be honest, I\u2019d love to travel back to each of those periods, if only for a day or two; it would make interpreting each archaeological site so much easier. But if I had to choose specifically, I\u2019d be most interested in the first half of the 14th century, during the reign of Charles I of Anjou. This was, generally speaking, a very prosperous and peaceful period, when Visegr\u00e1d became the country\u2019s de facto capital, trade and economic life were flourishing, major construction projects were underway, and the royal congress took place \u2013 the most significant diplomatic event of those decades. The wealth and variety of archaeological finds, as well as the sheer volume of luxury goods that arrived here via long-distance trade from Venice and German and Czech territories, all support this picture of general prosperity and well-being. During this period, I would be an average townsperson \u2013 a craftsman or merchant \u2013 living in one of the stone houses excavated somewhere around the market square, with my own plot of land and probably my own workshop too, say, as a bone carver or coin maker. The proximity of the royal court would have provided a sense of security and, particularly during this period of growth, would have enabled a generally peaceful and tranquil way of life. But I might just as well mention the 18th century, at the beginning of which harsher conditions prevailed, by the middle of the century, institutions had become firmly established, the conditions for farming had been created, and all the frameworks that would prove decisive right up to the 19th and 20th centuries had taken shape. At that time, the settlement led the quiet, uneventful life typical of market towns. Perhaps this is the most appealing aspect of this period.<\/p>\n You could, of course, say more, but which excavations or projects have had the greatest impact on you so far in your career?<\/em><\/p>\n Sz\u00e1momra az egyik legfontosabb munka az iskol\u00e1ban felt\u00e1rt 18. sz\u00e1zadi templom \u00e9s az udvaron h\u00faz\u00f3d\u00f3 hasonl\u00f3 kor\u00fa temet\u0151 \u00e1sat\u00e1sa volt 2016-2017-ben. Nem mellesleg nagyon jelent\u0151s k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori k\u0151\u00e9p\u00fcletek is el\u0151ker\u00fcltek a ter\u00fcleten. Az \u201e\u00f6reg\u00e9p\u00fcletben\u201d, amely eredetileg egy 600 \u00e9ves k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori h\u00e1z volt, a barokk alaprajzok \u00e9s tervek alapj\u00e1n pontosan lehetett lokaliz\u00e1lni melyik tanteremben lehet az itt kialak\u00edtott 18. sz\u00e1zadi templomszent\u00e9ly. Leny\u0171g\u00f6z\u0151 volt megtapasztalni, hogy alig 50 cm-el a jelenlegi j\u00e1r\u00f3szint alatt, a terem kell\u0151s k\u00f6zep\u00e9n ott h\u00faz\u00f3dott az eredeti t\u00e9glapadl\u00f3, megvolt a feh\u00e9rre meszelt vakolat \u00e9s el\u0151ker\u00fclt a f\u0151olt\u00e1r, valamint k\u00e9t mell\u00e9kolt\u00e1r. R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul F\u00e9legyh\u00e1zi Andr\u00e1s akkori polg\u00e1rmester kezdem\u00e9nyez\u00e9s\u00e9re m\u00f3dos\u00edtott\u00e1k a terveket annyiban, hogy a szent\u00e9ly jelent\u00e9keny r\u00e9szletei-k\u00f6zt\u00fck az egyik olt\u00e1r-felt\u00e1rt \u00e1llapot\u00e1ban is l\u00e1that\u00f3 maradt. Ez egy nagyon sz\u00e9p p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja volt annak, hogyan lehet tisztelettel megtartani a m\u00falt felt\u00e1rt eml\u00e9keit egy, az eredetit\u0151l teljesen elt\u00e9r\u0151 funkci\u00f3j\u00fa t\u00e9rben. Arr\u00f3l nem is besz\u00e9lve, hogy t\u00f6k\u00e9letes egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9st siker\u00fclt kialak\u00edtani a munk\u00e1latokban r\u00e9szt vev\u0151 kivitelez\u0151k, beruh\u00e1z\u00f3k \u00e9s a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.<\/p>\n I could also mention the excavation of the plot at 4 R\u00e9v Street, which also lasted two years, the investigation of the medieval church unearthed on F\u0151 Street, the mill at Lepence, and many other sites. I have many fond memories of each of these. A great many young people, university students and, more recently, volunteers have taken part in these fieldwork projects. There are those who have been returning regularly for several years or even decades and have chosen the same profession. Students have become colleagues \u2013 outstanding professionals with recognised research achievements. Their careers, as is often mentioned in our friendly conversations, began in the same place and in the same way as mine: in Visegr\u00e1d.<\/p>\n Mit csin\u00e1lsz, amikor nem dolgozol? Milyen hobbitev\u00e9kenys\u00e9geid vannak?<\/em><\/p>\n Az olvas\u00e1s szeretete v\u00e1ltozatlan maradt. Ezen a t\u00e9ren mindenev\u0151 vagyok, pr\u00f3za \u00e9s k\u00f6lt\u00e9szet tekintet\u00e9ben. Lehet, hogy a m\u00e1sodik gyermekkoromat \u00e9lem, de k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen leny\u0171g\u00f6znek a mond\u00e1k, legend\u00e1k, mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1k. Ezeket gy\u0171jt\u00f6m is; a magyar n\u00e9pmes\u00e9k mellett az eur\u00f3pai k\u00f6z\u00e9pkor \u00e9s folkl\u00f3r gy\u00f6ngyszemeit\u0151l kezdve a germ\u00e1n, kelta, g\u00f6r\u00f6g, r\u00f3mai reg\u00e9ken \u00e1t a t\u00e1vol-keleti vagy \u00e9szak-amerikai teremt\u00e9sm\u00edtoszokig minden j\u00f6het. Im\u00e1dom a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pes j\u00e1t\u00e9kokat, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a h\u0151skorszak alkot\u00e1sait a 70-es 80-as \u00e9vekb\u0151l. De \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban is rajongok a retr\u00f3\u00e9rt. Sz\u00e9p id\u0151ben a term\u00e9szetj\u00e1r\u00e1s, t\u00far\u00e1z\u00e1s a kedvelt id\u0151t\u00f6lt\u00e9sem, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen N\u00f3gr\u00e1d \u00e9s a Pilis vid\u00e9kein.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Mi m\u00e1ssal is kezdhetn\u00e9m a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek sor\u00e1t, minthogy mit tudunk most, november v\u00e9g\u00e9n a Sz\u0171z M\u00e1ria templom felt\u00e1r\u00e1sa sor\u00e1n el\u0151ker\u00fclt k\u00e9t, k\u00f6zel sem szokv\u00e1nyos s\u00edrcsoportr\u00f3l? K\u00f6zelebb ker\u00fclt\u00fcnk a k\u00e9t csontv\u00e1z eredet\u00e9nek megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9hez? Val\u00f3ban “k\u00e9t nora” s\u00edrj\u00e1r\u00f3l lehet sz\u00f3? A k\u00e9rd\u00e9s enn\u00e9l kicsit \u00f6sszetettebb. A \u201enora\u201d a magyar n\u00e9phitben \u00e9s a n\u00e9phagyom\u00e1nyban rossz sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k\u00fa, a…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2441,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hirek"],"yoast_head":"\n
\nThere are several other reasons to suspect a connection between the two skeletons. It is conceivable that they were related, just as it is possible that both individuals were regarded as such due to certain characteristics (physical disability, mental illness) or the circumstances of their deaths (sudden, unexplained death, accident), which is why efforts were made to secure them to the grave. In addition to the padlocks, the vampire beliefs mentioned above may be indirectly supported by a number of phenomena that remain unclear for the time being: in the case of adult skeletons, the possibility of the body having been nailed to the coffin (iron nails were found amongst the tarsal bones), possibly a deformed ribcage (the rib cages were found in positions deviating from the norm), and a piece of stone observed \u2019in situ\u2019 near the child\u2019s mouth. As regards the latter, it cannot be entirely ruled out that it was originally placed in the child\u2019s mouth and only shifted during the decomposition of the body. More precise answers to all these questions can be provided by comprehensive anthropological and other scientific investigations covering every detail.
\nAnother question is how these superstitious customs can be reconciled with burial in a church and the Christian rites performed during the funeral. One possible explanation is that the padlocks were placed in the shrouds before the body was laid in the grave, though other possibilities are also conceivable. It is possible that this grave was dug whilst the church was under construction and not yet in use (as we know from historical sources), that is, roughly sometime between the 1420sand 1470s, or perhaps after the building had been abandoned in the second half of the 16th century. In other words, two individuals\u2014who may have been excommunicated\u2014were buried on consecrated ground, but in a so-called \u2018deserted church\u2019 that was not yet or no longer in use. The role of the padlocks is not entirely clear either. Fear of the dead is only one explanation. There is also an interpretation that the iron objects were used to protect the dead themselves from harm in the afterlife; in this context, the padlocks appear to have a positive significance. In other words, there are plenty of questions, which is precisely what makes the whole thing so fascinating\u2026<\/p>\n